First, the response is made, and nothing happens. 2.3.2.1. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? First, you can use cognitive restructuring, also called rational restructuring, in which maladaptive cognitions are replaced with more adaptive ones. We take the information just detected and use it to assign people to categories, or groups. Describe how the sociocultural model explains mental illness. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. a. quaternary b. secondary c. tertiary d. meta. c. explain the connection between religious practices and mental health. Its key figures were Abraham Maslow, who proposed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers, who we will focus on here. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. Which type of theorist would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? Notice that preconditioning has both an A and a B panel. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: In the 1960s and 1970s, social upheaval and soul-searching in Western society gave rise to humanistic and existential therapies. Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce. d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. They would salivate at the sound of a bell, footsteps in the hall, a tuning fork, or the presence of a lab assistant. Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. Describe commonly used treatments for mental illness. Depression occurs with greater frequency in women than men. Maladaptive cognitions. 56. Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. d. psychoanalytic therapy. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. 63. Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. For each category, we have a schema, or a set of beliefs and expectations about a group of people, presumed to apply to all members of the group, and based on experience. 50. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. Though not neurons, glial cells play an important part in helping the nervous system to be the efficient machine that it is. Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? Still, cognitive-behavioral therapies have proven their efficacy for the treatment of OCD (McKay et al., 2015), perinatal depression (Sockol, 2015), insomnia (de Bruin et al., 2015), bulimia nervosa (Poulsen et al., 2014), hypochondriasis (Olatunji et al., 2014), and social anxiety disorder (Leichsenring et al., 2014) to name a few. 2.3.1.4. c. tertiary prevention. 137. Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. b. support the ideas of positive psychology. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. Then, Jones gave the child some pleasant food (i.e., something sweet such as cookies [Panel C]; remember the response to the food is unlearned, i.e., Panel A). The second major CBT strategy is called cognitive coping skills training. b. Note the plural form of dendrite and the singular form of axon; there are many dendrites but only one axon. They are tied to experiences early in life. d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. d. psychodynamic. The problem with this approach is that mental disorders are not typically caused by a solitary factor, but multiple causes. If I do X, then Y will happen. b. overgeneralization. Over time I learned that attention was good. 71. 143. c. who believe in a higher being are the healthiest. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. 2.3.3.3. 45. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? We can also ask the patient probing questions, seek information from family members, examine medical records, and in time, organize and process all this information to better understand the persons condition and potential causes. c. operant conditioning. c. children who very seldom fight. c. develop depression but recover more quickly. Freud believed that the id is fueled by: a. self-preservation. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. Where do you sit in class, if you are on a physical campus and not an online student? For more on these techniques, visit http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/. In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. Models aid us with doing all of this. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. See Figure 2.5 for an overview of Pavlovs classic experiment. Next, help the client stop thinking these thoughts and replace them with more rational ones. To begin, an applied behavior analyst identifies a target behavior, or behavior to be changed, defines it, works with the client to develop goals, conducts a functional assessment to understand what the undesirable behavior is, what causes it, and what maintains it. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not naturally strive to reach their full growth potential. Examples of secondary punishers include a ticket for speeding, losing television or video game privileges, ridicule, or a fee for paying your rent or credit card bill late. Respondent conditioning. Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? a. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: how prejudice and discrimination impact women. c. sociocultural If the rat pushes the lever again sometime in the future and food is delivered, the behavior spontaneously recovers. In other words, we assume the person who cut us off is an idiot (dispositional) and do not consider that maybe someone in the car is severely injured and this person is rushing them to the hospital (situational). Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. 144. 2.3.3.6. 2.2.3.3. Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? b. exposure therapy. Dont worry. d. Freud. d. displacement. Uni-dimensional models alone are too simplistic to explain the etiology of mental disorders fully. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: a. schizophrenia. For more on the link between cortisol and depression, check out this article: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201301/cortisol-why-the-stress-hormone-is-public-enemy-no-1. The neural impulse proceeds across the following steps: Lets look at the electrical portion of the process in another way and add some detail. 39. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. 33. b. resistance. To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013). It handles the CNSs input and output and divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. 2.2.1.5. 12. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the clients family structure, societal norms, and the clients roles in society. Once the information has been interpreted, commands are sent out, telling the body how to respond (Step E), also via the peripheral nervous system. In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as: Likewise, if our action leads to dissatisfaction, then we will not repeat the same behavior in the future. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. Eventually the fact that no food comes will extinguish this reaction but still, it will be weird for a bit). All of the models include an element of the biological model. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. c. identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. Children who watched the aggressive model behaved aggressively with the Bobo doll while those who saw the gentle model, played nice. Joanie has social anxiety. What about other students in the class that you know? 128. A girl values her self-worth even when she fails at something. d. sociocultural. Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. It went through three major stages behaviorism proper under Watson and lasting from 1913-1930 (discussed as classical/respondent conditioning), neobehaviorism under Skinner and lasting from 1930-1960 (discussed as operant conditioning), and sociobehaviorism under Bandura and Rotter and lasting from 1960-1990 (discussed as social learning theory). e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is: a. positive transference. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. b. social factors leading to stress. Which statement regarding the outcomes of couple therapy is FALSE? d. A girl is anxious about giving a speech in front of her class. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. 152. It has several structures in common with all cells in the body. Outline observational learning/social-learning theory and the work of Bandura. When the individual is accepted as they are, they receive unconditional positive regard and become a fully functioning person. There is not a leader, and everyone is equal. a. guidelines. c. double-blind studies. Abnormal chemical activity in the bodys endocrine system relates to the release of: a. hormones. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. 157. d. projection. She interprets this to mean that the hospital is a threatening place because it's filled with dangerous diseases. d. case studies. The cognitive model focuses on schemas, cognitive errors, attributions, and maladaptive cognitions and offers strategies such as CBT, cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance. These words have no affective connotation to them, meaning they do not imply good or bad. d. reality principle. The nucleus is the control center of the neuron, and the soma is the cell body. b. operant conditioning. In the case of depression, low levels of serotonin are responsible, at least partially. b. superego. d. It focuses on educational goals rather than therapeutic purposes. 159. c. paradigms. Evaluate the usefulness of humanistic and existential perspectives. 62. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. D) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. 2.3.3.2. Participants have similar issues. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? 2.2.3.1. So what do we do with this information? When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. They also focus on life-enhancing experiences like relationships, love, caring, commitment, courage, creativity, power, will, presence, spirituality, individuation, self-actualization, authenticity, acceptance, transcendence, and awe. For more information, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. The principle of multifinality emphasizes that: a. stress is the primary factor leading to abnormality. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. Essentially, they wanted to explore the possibility of conditioning various types of emotional response(s). The researchers ran a series of trials in which they exposed a 9-month-old child, known as Little Albert, to a white rat. The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e., there is thought to be a physical cause.. Communication in the nervous system. Attributions and cognitive errors. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. Which is NOT a goal of group therapy? Recall that a neuron is usually at resting potential and polarized. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? Clarify how multicultural factors affect mental illness. d. secondary process thought. b. people are naturally inclined to live positively. 118. b. brain stimulation. Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do, say, or think/feel) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. Individuals in this situation are unsure of what they feel, value, or need leading to dysfunction and the need for therapy. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. These included risk versions of two genes that regulate the flow of calcium into cells. Likewise, twin and family studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives suffering from OCD are at higher risk to develop the disorder themselves. d. known risk and protective factors. Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. c. psychodynamic a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. b. psychologically healthy people have more time and energy for religion. c. neurons. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? The content of dreams includes the persons actual retelling of the dreams, called manifest content, and the hidden or symbolic meaning called latent content. Behaviors and thoughts may influence the development of psychological disorders. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. Describe the role of genes in mental illness. b. a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy. It consists of the brain and spinal cord. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. WebMD adds, Experts believe many mental illnesses are linked to abnormalities in many genes rather than just one or a few and that how these genes interact with the environment is unique for every person (even identical twins). The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. Members of a family operate very independently of one another. a. psychodynamic d. It is difficult to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder. For instance, people with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) have difficulty regulating serotonin. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? b. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). c. psychosurgery. Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. When a doctor strikes your knee with that little hammer, your leg extends out automatically. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. d. fear. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? a. to lessen the power of thoughts b. to stop the client from comparing himself or herself to others c. to decrease internal negative self-talk d. to increase awareness of why the client behaves a certain way. b. a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality. A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. 100. They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell (See Figure 2.3). c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. First, free association involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. Second, the response is made, and a reinforcer is delivered. This model has been adopted by psychiatrists rather than psychologists. This is an example of: Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. c. role-playing. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. The superego is partly conscious but mostly unconscious, and part of it becomes our conscience. There are times when we learn by simply watching others. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Second, observational learning occurs when we learn by observing the world around us. More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? We must try to convert what we see into action. d. synapses. The sociocultural model asserts that race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation all play a role in the development and treatment of mental illness. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. A cognitive-behavioral therapist would MOST likely recommend: A) cognitive-behavioral B) sociocultural C) psychodynamic D) humanistic-existential B? This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.. We will cover this process in three parts. 2 Models of Abnormality There are six models in Abnormal Psychology which aim to describe and explain psychological abnormalities and how the treatment works for each. b. irrational thoughts contribute to ones feelings. A perfect run will not be possible because "I'm going to screw up!" d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. You can generate a percentage of times you ruminated to the number of successful problem-solving strategies you generated. Evaluate the usefulness of psychodynamic theory. Neurotransmitter imbalances and problems with brain structures/areas can result in mental disorders. c. Its use is controversial because it requires surgical implantation of electrodes. This strategy teaches social skills, communication, assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling. Im here for you. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. 2.3.4.2. d. Genes do not interact with the environment. The use of these drugs has been generally beneficial to patients. If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: Ashley is a pole-vaulter who is ready for her event. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. c. prejudice and discrimination faced by women. b. develop depression even when not under stress. d. a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. 2.2.2.2. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. d. psychodynamic. Infants tend to do things that feel good. During repolarization the neuron will not fire no matter how much stimulation it receives. The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a persons head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: a. vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities. Outline operant conditioning and the work of Thorndike and Skinner. b. the libido. The answer is yes, and one of two outcomes is possible. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: a. dendrites. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. As noted earlier, the idea of people being machines, called mechanism, was a key feature of behaviorism and other schools of thought in psychology until about the 1960s or 1970s. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with?