Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. While it is true that the experiment took place in the 50s, the results are still being recognized up to this date. When experimenters asked later for the truth, the highly paid subjects said the experiment was actually boring. /O 49 The students will be interviewed after participating in the experiment and were encouraged to be completely honest in these interviews. Twenty Dollar condition. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. 2. When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. $K{.-hC ;{l8S The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups. Violent video games have been blamed for all but which of the following? Psychol., 1954, 49, 211-218. Would the subject say that the experiment as he had experienced it was actually likely to measure Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. If the results of our experiment are to be taken as strong corroboration of the theory of cognitive dissonance, this possible alternative explanation must be dealt with. 3. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? <>stream % Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. Or is there something more nuanced at play? Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? %PDF-1.7 % Changes in attitude toward a specific, context-dependent topic, such as enjoyment of the mundane task in the experiment described above (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) Information seeking following a change in usual behavior (Engel, 1963) anything important? Subjects paid $1 were enthusiastic about their lies, and were successful in convincing others that the experiment's activities were interesting. The participants were asked to carry out series of monotonous tasks that were meant to be boring and nonsensical. The students were asked to perform a tedious task involving using one hand to turn small spools a quarter clockwise turn. They were urged to cooperate in these interviews by being completely and honest. The subjects were divided into two groups, A and B, where Group A was provided no introduction regarding the tasks they will be performing and Group B was. JANIS, I.L. A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. This study involved 71 male students from Stanford University, of which 11 students were disqualified. /ImageB When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. A concrete example involves the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s in the United States. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). The amount of money paid the subject was varied. Festinger and Carlsmith further concluded, based off the the control group, that those who were only paid $1 felt that they were forcing themselves to explain how "enjoyable" of a task this was when in reality it was not. >> The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with "Measures of Performance.". [2] All statistical tests referred to in this paper are two-tailed. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . The participants were 71 male students in totality. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. Let us think of the sum of all the dissonances involving some particular cognition as "D" and the sum of all the consonances as "C." Then we might [p. 204] think of the total magnitude of dissonance as being a function of "D" divided by "D" plus "C.". Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. in order to reduce dissonance. The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. 0000010660 00000 n From this point on they diverged somewhat. If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing? >> Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. <> 0000000015 00000 n In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. Eddie has made the _________. Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? Festinger, L. (1957). Hence, one would expect the results on this question to be very similar to the results on "how enjoyable the tasks were" but weaker. Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it. The influence of role-playing on opinion change. If no factors other than his private opinion are considered it would follow, at least in our culture, that if he believes "X" he would publicly state "X." Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. These are: 1. moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been one . What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? /ImageI The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. Instead the opposite happened. They were told that the study aims to evaluate these experiments to help them improve these in the future. Which of the following is not a factor that influences attitude formation? endobj The reliabilities of these ratings, that is, the correlations between the two independent raters, ranged from .61 to .88, with an average reliability of .71. The variability is greater, however, and the differences do not yield high levels of statistical significance. In the process, people look at the images portrayed by others as something obtainable and realistic, and subsequently, make comparisons among themselves, others and the idealized images. _______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility. They did not have to change their attitudes to lie because the money served as ample justification (Cognitive Dissonance). c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Term 1 / 8 aim Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 8 show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by UorFawzi Terms in this set (8) aim In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the______. Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) conducted an experiment entitled "Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance". Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Martha doesn't want her young son to touch the heating stove. The behavioral component of prejudice is______. Furthermore, since the pressure to reduce dissonance will be a function of the magnitude of the dissonance, the observed opinion change should be greatest when the pressure used to elicit the overt behavior is just sufficient to do it. According to Sternberg, married (committed) people who also have intimacy and passion are in the form of love called______love. How would a social psychologist describe this situation? Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________. They changed their attitudes to relieve the dissonance and fully believed that the activities were interesting. The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. Patrick is very proud of his Irish heritage and thinks of himself as an Irish American. In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is, When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called. >> The participants were experiencing cognitive dissonance because they were being asked to tell other people that the tasks were fun and interesting when, in reality, they were tedious and boring. Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted A rating of how persuasive and convincing the S was in what he said and the way in which he said it. endobj In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. This is further explained in Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith's study in 1954. /Prev 679084 Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. The Ss were given a very good reason, in addition to being paid, for saying what they did to the waiting girl. You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). The discussion between the S and the girl was recorded on a hidden tape recorder. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of _____in combating prejudice. Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring /ImageC Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. In this condition, the average rating was +1.35, considerably on the positive side and significantly different from the Control condition at the .02 level[2] (t = 2.48). endobj The difference between the One Dollar condition and the Twenty Dollar condition (-.25) reaches only the .15 level of significance (t = 1.46). One Dollar condition. It is clear from examining the table that, in all cases, the Twenty Dollar condition is slightly higher The differences are small, however, and only on the rating of "amount of time" does the difference between the two conditions even approach significance. In the . Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. Introducing Cram Folders! The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. Yet no one calls the police. When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. When the S arrived for the experiment on "Measures of Performance" he had to wait for a few minutes in the secretary's office. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. endobj Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. //document.getElementById('adblockmessage').style.display = 'block'; The interviewer, of course, was always kept in complete ignorance of which condition the S was in. %PDF-1.5 Subjects who received $20 had no problem explaining their behavior to themselves. Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. Festinger and Carlsmith then investigated whether there's a standing evidence of cognitive dissonance where boring tasks were seen as enjoyable. To study this, Festinger and Carlsmith performed an experiment using seventy-one male students at . Instead the opposite happened. According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. Sandy was using_______ processing. Specifically, they showed that if a person is forced to improvise a speech supporting a point of view with which he disagrees, his private opinion moves toward the position advocated in the speech. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable What happens to a person's private opinion if he is forced to do or say something contrary to that opinion? Write to Dr. Dewey at psywww@gmail.com. In each group, the confederates wore identical glasses, with the participant/subject wearing a different set of glasses. 4. The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. The results from this question are shown in the last row of Table 1.